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This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Take the CME quiz: Vol. 5 No. 12, December 2004 Author Disclosures E-Letters: Submit a response Alert me when this article is cited Alert me when E-Letters are posted Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services E-mail this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to My File Cabinet Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via CrossRef Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Patel, M. S. Articles by Srinivasan, M. Search for Related Content PubMed Articles by Patel, M. S. Articles by Srinivasan, M. Social Bookmarking                         What's this?

NeoReviews Vol.5 No.12 2004 e516
© 2004 American Academy of Pediatrics

Metabolic Programming

Long-Term Consequences of High-carbohydrate Feeding in the Immediate Postnatal Period

^* Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY

Abbreviations: alpha MSH: alpha melanocortin-stimulating hormone • GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide-1 • HC milk formula: high-carbohydrate milk formula • HF milk formula: high-fat milk formula • HF rats: rats fed a high-fat milk formula during the suckling period • MF rats: rats reared naturally by their dams • 1-HC rats: first generation of rats fed a high-carbohydrate milk formula during the suckling period • 2-HC rats: progeny born to 1-HC females • NPY: neuropeptide Y • PDX-1: pancreatic duodenal homeobox transcription factor-1

The first 300 words of the full text of this article appear below.

	Objectives

 
After completing this article, readers should be able to:

1. Describe the results of an altered early life nutritional experience on metabolic programming.
   
2. List the diseases to which fetuses may be predisposed in adulthood following maternal malnutrition.
   
3. Delineate the results from the high-carbohydrate milk formula-fed rat model that have implications for metabolic programming.
   
4. Describe data from the high-carbohydrate milk formula-fed rat model that may have implications for human obesity and related metabolic diseases.
   

	Introduction

 
Recently it has been proposed that obesity may replace tobacco as the number one health risk factor in developed societies. An estimated 300,000 deaths per year and significant morbidities in the United States are attributable directly to obesity, suggesting that health benefits achieved by modern medicine may be offset by the increasing incidence of obesity worldwide. Although genetic predisposition, sedentary lifestyles, and consumption of high-caloric foods generally are believed to contribute to the onset of obesity, they do not satisfactorily account for the sudden boom in the incidence of obesity and related metabolic diseases. It now is recognized that early life nutritional experiences via the phenomenon of metabolic programming contribute to the onset of metabolic diseases later in life. Metabolic programming occurs when a nutritional stress/stimulus is experienced during the early developmental period, resulting in significant adaptations in target organs to enable the organism to survive the nutritional challenge. Concomitantly, this process results in permanent alterations in the physiology and metabolism of the organism, thereby priming it for the occurrence of metabolic disease later in life.

A wealth of information is available on the role of maternal nutritional status during pregnancy in metabolic programming of the fetus in both human and animal models. Data from several epidemiologic studies support the occurrence of metabolic programming in humans. It has been suggested that disproportionate size of the newborn resulting from . . . [Full Text of this Article]

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