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NeoReviews Vol.7 No.10 2006 e509
© 2006 American Academy of Pediatrics

Historical Perspectives

Perinatal Profiles: Dr Julius Hess and His Incubator

The first 20% of the full text of this article appears below.

Historians trace the beginnings of incubator care to Johann Georg von Ruehl in 1835 at the Imperial Foundling Hospital in St Petersburg, Russia. However, the French obstetrician Stéphane Tarnier (1828–1897) is credited with having conceived the development of "incubators" for preterm infants similar to those used for "brooding hens" (couveuses). Collaborating with an engineer from Paris, he developed an ingenious "thermo-siphon" heating system that circulated hot water between a double-walled metallic cage that could hold two preterm infants comfortably. In 1880, the Tarnier incubators were installed at the Paris Maternity Hospital, which became the world’s first neonatal intensive care unit (ICU).

In 1915, Dr Julius Hess (1876–1955) introduced an electric-heated water-jacketed infant incubator and bed at the Sarah Morris . . . [Full Text of this Article]

Tonse N.K. Raju, MD, DCH^*

^* Pregnancy and Perinatology Branch, Center for Developmental Biology and Perinatal Medicine, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md